其他害虫种类与危害 Harms by other pests

　　一、蚂蚁的生态习性及危害：

　　蚂蚁属昆虫纲、膜翅目（Hymenotera）、蚁科(Formicidae)，是一类高度分化的社会性昆虫，通常由雌蚁、工蚁和兵蚁（由工蚁分化而来）组成，为筑巢群居的多型性昆虫，雌雄生殖蚁有翅，工蚁与兵蚁无翅。由卵孵化为幼虫、蛹、至成虫，生活史约共6-8周，寿命约15年。在室内所见者多为觅食的工蚁，常见种类分别有：小黄蚁、菱结大头蚁、印大头蚁、路舍蚁、剑形虹臭蚁。

　　Biological behavior and harms of ants：

　　Ant belongs to formicidae, hymenotera, insecta. It is a social insect with a high degree of division of labor, as well as a nidificant and gregarious polymorphic insect. It usually consists of gyne, ergate and dinergate (derived from ergate). The mating ants have wings while ergate and dinergate do not. The life cycle of an ant, from ovum to larva to pupa and then to adult, takes 6 to 8, with a life span of 15 years. Ergates are commonly seen in the house. Commonly seen species of ants include small yellow ant, Pheidole rhombinoda, Tetramorium caespitum and Iridomyrmex.

　　对人类的危害除能骚扰并叮咬人类外，其主要是污染食物和造成感染。它可带多种病原体，如：菱形芽孢杆菌、沙门氏菌、萄葡球菌、链球菌等。

　　Apart from disturbance and bite, the major harm of ants is its pollution to food which may cause infection. An ant carries various kinds of pathogens, such as diamond-shaped bacillus, salmonella, staphylococcus and streptococcus, etc.

　　二、毛衣鱼：

　　毛衣鱼属昆虫纲缨尾目衣鱼科害虫。雄性成虫体长9-13mm，无翅，背覆黑色鳞片，腹面有白色鳞片。胸部宽于腹部，腹部由基部至末端逐渐窄小。若虫除个体小，低龄若虫无鳞片外，形态与成虫一样。

　　Cterolepisma villosa Fabricius　　

　　Cterolepisma villosa Fabricius is a pest belongs to lepismidae, thysanura and insecta. The male adult is apteral, with a length of 9-13mm. There are black scales on the back and white scales on the abdomen. Its chest is wider than the abdomen, and the abdomen gradually narrows from the base to the end. Its nymphae is identical to adult in shape, but smaller in size, and infant nymphae has no scales. 　　

　　毛衣鱼为不完全变态昆虫，一年发生数代。成、若虫均喜黑暗，隐藏在各种缝隙内。负趋光性，夜晚出来活动。主要出现在有淀粉的场所，除危害各种粮食、食物外，常啮食图书、期刊、纸张、档案等。 　　

　　Cterolepisma villosa Fabricius is an insect of incomplete metamorphosis which reproduces several generations a year. Both its nymphae and adult are noctural, favor darkness and thus hind in all kinds of crevices. It is mainly found in places where there is starch. It damages grain and food, as well as gnaws books, periodicals, papers and documents, etc.

　　三、跳蚤生态习性及危害

　　跳蚤属节肢动物门、昆虫纲（Insecta）蚤目（Siphonaptera），完全变态，整个发育过程为卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四期。这不仅叮人吸血，而且能传播鼠疫、鼠源性斑疹伤寒等疾病。跳蚤主要寄生于哺乳动物、鸟类体表，为了适应在宿主体表毛发、羽毛间自由穿行或附着吸血，其外部形态、变态发育和生态等方面有许多特化；成虫体小侧偏，一般体长约1—3mm，雌雄均吸血；深色或黄棕色，无翅，有三对发达的足（特别是后足），适于跳跃，第五跗节有发达的爪。

　　Living habits and harms of flea 　　

　　Flea belongs to siphonaptera, insecta and arthropoda. It is an insect of complete metamorphosis, this its growth process includes four stages, namely ovum, nymphae, pupa and adult. It not only bites and sucks blood, but also transmit plague, mice-borne typhus. It mainly parasitizes on surface of mammals and birds. It has distinct features in shape and the process of development by metamorphosis so as to parasitizes on the host and suck blood. The adult is small is size, usually 1-3mm long; Both male and female ones suck blood; dark or yellowish brown, with no wings; It has three pairs of strong legs suitable for hopping (especially the hind legs); There is powerful claws on its fifth tarsus.

　　直接危害：

　　人蚤、猫栉首蚤和印鼠客蚤等在刺叮人时不仅产生刺激和引起疼痛，而且刺叮后局部皮肤常出现不同程度的过敏反应。由于跳蚤有昼夜多次吸血习性，即使个别跳蚤上身也会使人寝食不安。某些种类，如穿皮潜蚤（Tunda penetrans）还可寄生于人皮下组织，危害更大。当家畜、宠物被大量寄生蚤刺叮吸血时，不仅会因为骚扰使它们坐卧不安影响其生长发育，更会引起动物贫血症。

　　Direct harm:

　　A bite by Pulex irritans, Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis will not only cause excitation and pain, but also allergic reaction of certain degree. A flea sucks blood several times a day, so it severely influences people's life. Some fleas, Tunda penetrans for example, may parasitize in people's subcutaneous tissue and thus does more severe harm. When livestock or pets are bit by a large number of fleas, its growth will be hindered. More importantly, it can cause anemia.

　　四、虱子的生态习性及危害

　　虱类俗称虱子，属昆虫纲虱目（Anoplura），渐变态昆虫，生活史有卵、若虫和成虫三期，是一类寄生于鸟类、哺乳类动物体表的专性寄生虫，它的发育各期都离不开宿主。虱子叮刺吸血骚扰人类，并能传播流行性斑疹伤寒、战壕热、回归热等流行病，对人类有一定的危害。

　　Biological behavior and harms of pediculus 　　

　　Anoplura, other named louse, is an insect of gradual metamorphosis that belongs to anoplura of insecta. Its life cycle consists of three stages, namely ovum, nymph and adult. It is an obligatory parasite on the surface of birds and mammals. It can not live without a host in all three stages of life. Louse disturbs people's life and transmits various commutable diseases such as endemic typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever. 　　

　　虱子有群集的习性，多集于内衣领、衣缝、裤腰处，虱子若虫和雌成虫都嗜人血，若虫每日至少需吸血一次，成虫则需数次，常边吸血边排粪。 　　

　　Lice like to cluster on the collar of underwear, slot and waist of trousers. The nymph of louse and female adults suck blood, at least once a day and several times a day respectively. A louse usually sucks blood while defecating. 　　

　　当虱叮刺吸血时，将唾液注入皮内可使人产生显著的皮肤反应，患者搔、抓导致继发性感染形成脓疮。虱吸血还可传播各种流行病，体虱被认为是传播流行性斑疹伤寒、回归热和战壕热的主要媒介。这些疾病的流行通常与战争或自然灾害有关，因为此时卫生水准下降及人群相对集中，利于虱子传播。 　　

　　When a louse sucks blood, it injects its saliva which may lead to obvious skin reactions. Secondary infection is likely to occur if the spot is scratched, and will further cause pustule. The bloodsucking louse also transmits various commutable diseases such as endemic typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever. The outbreak of these diseases is usually related to war and natural disasters, since the sanitary conditions deteriorate and people are more likely to get together on such occasions, thus favorable to spread of lice.